Guide to Hostile Vehicle Mitigation (HVM) Barriers

If a hostile intruder attempted to drive onto your property without stopping for fences, gates, or pedestrians, how far would they get? With the proper security measures in place, you can halt these vehicles in their tracks, protecting your people and property. In this hostile vehicle mitigation guide, we’ll discuss some of the most effective measures you can take to defend against vehicle attacks.

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What Is a Vehicle as a Weapon Attack?

Vehicle crashes are, unfortunately, common occurrences that can often have devastating effects. In 2020 alone, there were 42,060 fatal vehicle crashes in the U.S. — That’s more than 115 crashes per day on average. Even when there is negligence involved, most crashes are accidents. In other words, drivers do not get into their vehicles with the intention of causing harm to themselves or others.

On occasion though, this is exactly the intention a person has when they get behind the wheel. Over the last decade, we’ve seen a rise in what has been deemed a vehicle as a weapon (VAW) attack, or a hostile vehicle attack. Methods of hostile vehicle attacks vary but these occur when, a person uses a vehicle to harm others and sometimes themselves, either as part of a random act of violence or as a targeted terrorist attack.

According to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), the most common type of vehicle-borne attacks in the U.S. are vehicle-ramming attacks. These attacks involve intentionally ramming a vehicle into another vehicle, a building or a person or group of people to cause harm.

One of the most severe vehicle-ramming attacks worldwide occurred in the summer of 2016 in Nice, France, where a driver intentionally drove into a crowd, killing 86 people and injuring many more. Most instances of VAW attacks are not this deadly, but they do often result in fatalities and injuries.

VAW incidents can also cause severe property damage. Rather than driving into pedestrian areas, some vehicle-ramming incidents may involve driving into building facades. In this case, the attacker’s goal is to damage or disrupt operations in the building or is simply an act of vandalism.

How to Prevent Vehicle Attacks

Architects, engineers, and facility owners should be aware of the threat of VAW attacks and implement measures to protect buildings and people from this threat. The security measures taken to assess these risks and protect against them are known as hostile vehicle mitigation (HVM). There are two main approaches to mitigating the risk of a hostile vehicle attack.

• Campus design: One option is to design the roads on a campus to make it more difficult for a vehicle to pick up speed and drive into pedestrian areas or buildings. This choice often involves designing curved access roads to the facility or including a sharp turn just before the entrance. If you are designing a campus from the ground up, these choices can help, but it would be best if you still considered adding barriers.
• Physical barriers: The most popular choice for a hostile vehicle mitigation system is installing physical barriers like bollards, crash fences & anti-ram gates. These devices are designed to block vehicles from entering certain areas, even if the vehicle is speeding straight toward the barrier. Installing physical barriers is an option for both new construction projects and existing buildings and campuses.

Design choices and hostile vehicle barriers will not necessarily prevent a bad actor from planning a VAW attack. But if an individual does try to carry out their plan, they should be slowed or stopped entirely with the appropriate measures put in place.

What Are Hostile Vehicle Mitigation Barriers?

Physical barriers are one of the best options to protect pedestrian areas and buildings from possible VAW attacks. Because of this function, these barriers are also known as hostile vehicle mitigation barriers.

Remember that mass multiplied by acceleration gives us an object’s force. Considering that an average SUV can easily weigh 5,000 pounds, you can imagine how much force would be exerted if that SUV were to come speeding toward a building. The energy of this force increases with larger vehicles, like a semi-truck. To keep people and buildings safe in these instances, you need a barrier strong enough to stand up to that level of impact and one that can stop a VAW in its tracks.

You have likely seen HVM barriers on college campuses, around government buildings and throughout cities without even noticing they are there. In public spaces like these, barriers often take the form of bollards and may even be decorative in appearance so they do not feel intrusive. Private facilities may have more obvious forms of physical security, such as a fence that surrounds the property. In these cases, anti-ram gates may be the barrier of choice to stop vehicles attempting to gain access to the property.

How Are Vehicle Security Barriers Tested?

HVM barriers must be crash-tested — meaning, they have undergone testing to ensure they meet specific standards for standing up to a moving vehicle. Some of the most relevant criteria to pay attention to include:

• US DOS/DOD K: The Department of State (DOS) and Department of Defense (DOD) ratings are no longer officially recognized, but you may still see them referenced. A K rating of K4, K8 or K12 signifies that a barrier can stop a 15,000 lb vehicle traveling at 30, 40, and 50 mph, respectively.
• ASTM F 2656: ASTM ratings have replaced the DOS and DOD ratings in the U.S. These standard shares similarities with the DOS K rating, but measures penetration in more detail.
• BSI PAS 68: The British Standards Institution (BSI) Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 68 is a key standard for hostile vehicle mitigation products of various kinds, especially in the U.K. A BSI PAS 68 rating will include information on the type of vehicle and the speed of impact a barrier can withstand.
• IWA 14: Another important standard is International Workshop Agreement (IWA) 14, which specifies requirements for a vehicle security barrier’s essential impact performance. This standard is used globally.

Read our guide to Understanding Crash Ratings

Types of Vehicle Mitigation Barriers

Vehicle mitigation barriers come in a variety of forms, but each falls into one of two categories:

• Active barriers: Active vehicle barriers are designed to deploy and retract when necessary to help you control access points into your property. A typical example is a drop-arm crash beam that runs across an access road to keep it closed off. A person needs to provide the proper credentials to enter the facility, and the beam raises to let them in.
• Passive barriers: Passive barriers remain in place at all times, so they are not meant for access points. Instead, they guard the perimeter of an area where vehicles should never enter. For example, this would include immovable features like walls, fences, and bollards.

Most properties will need both active and passive barriers for complete perimeter protection. Some HVM barriers come in both active and passive options, but most are designed either for perimeters or for access points. Let’s look at some of the most common options you can consider for HVM security on your property.

1. Crash-Rated Planters

Typical landscape features often fall short of the security many facilities need to prevent hostile vehicle attacks, especially for high-security facilities. Instead, integrate HVM barriers designed to look like attractive landscape features which also offer the strength you need for HVM security. The Universal Slimline Planter 40 from TYMETAL Corp. is strong enough to stop a vehicle that weighs 7.5 metric tons traveling at 40 mph. That strength comes from a device that, on the surface, simply looks like a sleek, attractive planter you can fill with flowers or greenery.

2. Crash Beams

A great option for access points is a drop-arm crash beam, also known as an anti-ram beam. These beams resemble the arms that descend to block access to a parking garage and move out of the way to let you enter once you have purchased a ticket. But crash beams are designed to be stronger than ordinary barrier gate arms. These beams are made from durable materials like aluminum and steel and are anchored in place with a concrete base.

Crash beams from TYMETAL are rated to withstand collisions from vehicles traveling at 30 to 50 mph depending on the model you choose. We also offer crash beams with different systems of operation, including:

• Manual operation
• Hydraulic operation
• Electro-mechanical operation

View Our Crash Beams

3. Bollards

Vehicle mitigation bollards are cylindrical posts that, when spaced a few feet apart, can allow pedestrians and cyclists to freely enter an area while blocking it from vehicles. Bollards come in a variety of types, including removable and fixed options, and can be made from various materials, but they must be strong enough to visually deter a vehicle and stop one that is speeding toward a pedestrian area.

• Removable: To block vehicle access to an area part of the time, use removable bollards. These bollards are designed to be removed or pivot into the ground. They are typically capped over with a ground cover lid so that they are noticeable when retracted. Removable bollards can be redeployed again whenever you need to restrict access to an area. For example, you can use removable bollards to block an entrance to a parking lot or to protect pedestrians attending a street festival.
• Fixed: Fixed bollards are stationary, so they continuously block an area where they are installed and in some instances, you will find some surface-mount options for fixed bollards. Anti-ram bollards are often installed deep into the ground with a concrete footing to give crash resistance against moving vehicles. TYMETAL offers crash-rated security bollards that don’t require such a deep installation, making them easier to install.

TYMETAL bollards stand out in the industry because of their shallow-mount design. They do not need to be installed as deep since they are designed to flex slightly upon impact. This slight movement allows them to reflect much of a vehicle’s energy back to it. Our most heavy-duty model can stop a 16,534 lb vehicle traveling at 50 mph.

Bollards are a popular choice because of their efficacy and versatility. Some bollards are decorative and may even be cast in a material like bronze or equipped with lights. Other bollards may stand out more as security devices with yellow stripes.

View Our Crash Bollards

4. Fences

Most fences prevent people from gaining access to a facility on foot, but the average fence would crumple if a vehicle were to ram into it. In order to boost the security of your property’s perimeter against VAW attacks, you need to install crash fences, also called anti-ram fences. Buildings that are more likely targets for terrorist attacks especially need a crash fence to reinforce their perimeter security.

These fences are designed to stop vehicles, not people on foot, so they are used in conjunction with your existing perimeter fence as an added layer of protection. Our crash-rated fences can stop a vehicle up to 15,000 lbs traveling at 50 mph and they come in a variety of configurations to suit different sites and security needs.

Generally, these fences consist of posts or bollards connected by cables. When a vehicle runs into the fence, its energy will be deflected, and the car will ultimately be stopped before it can continue farther.

View Our Crash Fences

5. Gates

Gates are a common feature of any property with restricted access. Typically, a closed gate is enough to stop a driver who isn’t allowed access, but that equation changes when it is the driver’s plan is to ram the gate. VAW attacks like these call for stronger, anti-ram gates. Like ordinary gates, crash gates can open and close either manually or automatically to allow authorized people to enter and exit the premises.

Crash-rated gates from TYMETAL are available in various types to fit different applications. One of the more popular options is a cantilever slide gate, which can be automated or not. These gates are supported on one end by (2) or (4) posts. They include an enclosed track system. There are no overhead supports, ground wheels, or ground track required.

View Our Crash Gates

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Some other gate options include vertical lift gates, overhead slide gates, and swing gates. Equipping your facility with a crash-rated gate is crucial since a hostile intruder will most likely target access points when attempting to breach your property’s perimeter.

HVM Applications

HVM barriers are utilized by a wide range of facilities and are critical to maintaining their security. Common examples include:

Any facility that wants to boost its counter-terrorism measures can install HVM barriers. Even public spaces like parks, bike paths and shopping areas can use barriers to protect pedestrians.

Choose TYMETAL for Your Next HVM Product

If you need to increase your property’s hostile vehicle mitigation measures, partner with TYMETAL. With decades of experience in the industry and a commitment to continuous innovation, TYMETAL offers the very best in HVM technology. To learn more about how we can help you with HVM security, fill out our online form or call us at 888-978-GATE (4283).

As defined by the National Protective Security Authority (NPSA – formerly the Centre of Protection of National Infrastructure or CPNI), Hostile Vehicle Mitigation (HVM) is a protective security discipline focusing on reducing risks associated with vehicle-borne threats posed by terrorists and criminals.

So, what are these potential risks? Outlined below are the seven main types of vehicle-borne attacks that need to be protected against (Source: NPSA):

1. Parked: A vehicle containing an improvised explosive device (IED) is left in close proximity to an intended target. This vehicle might be parked completely legitimately so as not to raise suspicion. Equally, the vehicle may also be parked or abandoned illegally.
   An example of this kind of threat was seen in 2007 when two parked cars in London were discovered containing improvised explosives and fortunately were disabled before they detonated. This was also a common attack methodology used by the Irish Republican Army to detonate IEDs within prestigious areas.
2. Encroachment:  A vehicle is utilised to exploit gaps in a site’s perimeter security. This could be by tailgating a legitimate vehicle through an access control point or by driving through an unprotected part of a perimeter. This might occur if security measures have not been correctly planned or implemented, equally if an attacker has insider information on security protocol which can be exploited. Encroachment-style threats can also include tampering with or weakening a security system in order to be able to gain access at a later date.
3. Penetrative: This is where a vehicle is used as a tool to breach or weaken a building or physical perimeter. Typically, this kind of ram-raid attack has been used by criminals; however, it has also been adopted by terrorists. The attacking vehicle may also be carrying an IED and be detonated once inside, next to a physical target or near to a crowded place. The attack on the British Consulate in Istanbul, Turkey was a tragic example of such an attack.
4. Deception: Commonly known as a ‘Trojan’ vehicle, a hostile vehicle may have been altered to replicate a legitimate vehicle, perhaps disguised in livery related to the site. Alternatively, the occupants may have used some other form of deception to bypass an access control point for example by obtaining or copying a legitimate ID. The vehicle may also be carrying an IED to target an area or a building.
5. Duress: In attacks like this, a guard or employee could be forced to allow access to a hostile vehicle, or a driver could be forced to transport and park a VBIED near a vulnerable target under threat.
6. Insider: An individual with legitimate access allows an assailant through security measures and helps to facilitate a security breach or attack. This could also include tampering with a security measure to allow access for an intruder.
7. Tamper/Sabotage: Facilitating a hostile vehicle attack by tampering with or sabotaging a security barrier or measure prior to a planned attack to make access easier or possible. Tampering with the intent of leaving no evidence and avoiding raising suspicions prior to an attack being carried out.

The Purpose of Hostile Vehicle Mitigation

Hostile vehicle mitigation (HVM) measures are used to protect people and buildings from potential vehicle threats. Often HVM measures will be employed around crowded public areas or critical national infrastructure sites such as government buildings, data centres or power stations.

There are two major types of vehicle threats that HVM measures are used to protect against – Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (VBIED) and Vehicle as a Weapon (VAW). As you’ll see, in recent years the focus has shifted from a complete focus on preventing VBIED attacks to protecting against the emerging VAW threat as attacker methodology seems to have evolved. Both threats must still be considered.

Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (VBIED)

Vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIED) refer to any improvised explosives that are delivered using a vehicle. You may more commonly hear them referred to as car bombs, lorry bombs or truck bombs. According to the US Department of Homeland Security, there are several reasons why VBIEDs make for an effective weapon for terrorists:

1. The number of explosives able to be employed.
2. The ease of placing the explosives close to a target without raising suspicion.
3. The potential to inflict mass casualties and/or significant structural damage.

In 2016, the Iraqi capital Baghdad, saw one of the worst VBIED attacks in history, as a lorry packed with explosives detonated in the Karrada district killing 323 people. A year later another horrific attack took place in Kabul, killing 150.

Despite the presence of blast protection, several Embassy buildings sustained damage in the attack. Both incidents as well as many more in recent history, illustrate the very real threat posed by VBIED attacks.

One of the most important concepts in protecting against VBIEDs is the idea of ‘standoff’; the distance able to be created between the asset or area being protected and the location of the explosion from a potential VBIED attack, usually at the perimeter of the intended target.

The effect of the blast needs to be considered when protecting against VBIED attacks. When it comes to explosions the most effective tool for mitigating blast effects is to ensure that the explosion occurs as far away from the asset as possible, providing enough of a chance for the bomb blast to dissipate, minimising destruction and damage to the target and surrounding area.

There is no single ideal stand-off distance, instead, this is determined by several factors such as:

• The type of threat
• The construction and materials of the building
• Land ownership parameters
• The desired level of protection.

For instance, when assessing a military base, the main gate or entrance may be 50m(+) away from the main infrastructure it is securing In this instance, creating a stand-off distance is not a problem. When looking at an alternative scenario in the middle of a city centre where a high-profile financial asset is situated on a piece of land with only one meter between the asset and the asset’s perimeter, stand-off creation is impossible.

Secure measures chosen in this scenario would need to dead-stop a vehicle at the perimeter with under 1 meter of penetration, to avoid the hostile vehicle from entering the heart of the building itself and detonating an IED.

The diagram below illustrates a stand-off zone between a threat and an asset.

Vehicle as a Weapon (VAW)

In recent years, a new threat has emerged – ‘vehicle as a weapon’ attacks. This rise has been witnessed in the tragic events at Nice, attacks carried out on both Westminster and London Bridge, Berlin and many more European cities.

This is partly due to the difficulty in obtaining the materials needed to assemble an IED and the ease at which individuals can hire large vehicles.

Unless a terrorist draws attention to themselves in any way or prior intelligence is gathered on a suspect’s movements, vehicle-as-a-weapon-attacks can be hard to anticipate.

Whereas VBIED attacks target critical national infrastructure and high-profile sites/areas, vehicle-as-a-weapon attacks directly target crowds of people in busy public spaces, using infrastructure such as bridges and main tourist promenades.

Since the attacks in the UK, the British government has released guidelines for goods vehicle operators and drivers to help guard against VAW.

The guide covers three main areas to be aware of: security culture, site security and vehicle security.

To physically protect against this emerging threat, recent HVM product development has been focused temporary HVM security measures, such as ATG’s Surface Guard Barriers. This allows for temporary events to be protected, such as fan zones, concerts, Christmas markets and festivals, as these measures can be rapidly deployed prior to an event and removed afterwards when there is no longer a threat.

Types of Hostile Vehicle Mitigation Products

When selecting HVM measures, the National Protective Security Authority (NPSA – formerly the Centre of Protection of National Infrastructure or CPNI) recommends that any physical security measure to protect against vehicle threats be appropriately certified for use.

This means that it must have been tested to a recognised vehicle impact test standard, performed by an independent test house and achieved a performance rating in line with the impact test standard.

Hostile Vehicle Mitigation Bollards

Bollards are generally the preferred form of passive HVM measure within busy sites located in the public realm such as squares and transportation hubs as they allow for pedestrian permeability. This is important when blending security measures into crowded, urban environments as the flow of pedestrians and authorized traffic must be maintained and not hindered.

Bollards are also the first choice when being installed within a public UK highway as their aesthetic is less obtrusive when compared to a road blocker or arm barrier solution, blending into the surrounding environment and avoiding the creation of a fortress mentality.

Hostile vehicle mitigation bollards and barriers will often have been crash-tested to one or more of the major crash test standards currently in place.

These are BSI PAS 68 (UK), ISO IWA 14-1 (International) and ASTM F2656 (USA). If you would like to learn more about PAS 68 or IWA 14, or other crash-ratings standards, we recommend reading our crash-rating guides to get a more in-depth understanding of them.

If you’re looking for more information on counter-terrorism measures such as HVM bollards, we recommend reading our blog post “What do we mean by HVM Bollards?”, which gives a more in-depth look at these measures.

Hostile Vehicle Mitigation Barriers

Hostile vehicle mitigation barriers tend to come in two types: permanent HVM barriers, which are predominantly used in securing critical national infrastructure and portable hostile vehicle mitigation barriers, which are used to protect events and crowded spaces such as Christmas markets and festivals temporarily.

Permanent hostile vehicle mitigation barriers will often be used to control an access point or secure a perimeter.

Products for access control can be automatic or manually operated. These can come in various types, such as beam barriers, swing gates and manual arm barriers to name just a few, each with its own benefits and ideal applications.

For perimeter security, industrial and military sites generally use high-security fencing or wire-rope systems to secure long-span perimeters. This method also keeps people, as well as vehicles, out – which might be the objective for a data centre or a military base – whilst allowing approved access via the secured access point for vehicles and pedestrians. For urban areas such as transportation hubs and financial districts, pedestrian foot flow is encouraged and so, in this instance, bollards or impact-tested street furniture products might be preferred to ensure a welcoming aesthetic.

If you would like to learn more about hostile vehicle mitigation as a whole, we recommend reading the National Protective Security Authority (NPSA) guide.

If you need any advice on impact-tested products or have any questions regarding IWA 14, PAS 68, or ASTM, then contact one of our experts on +44 (0) 345 350 3799 and they’ll be more than happy to help.

Contact us to discuss your requirements of Automatic Rising Bollards Anti Crashed. Our experienced sales team can help you identify the options that best suit your needs.